organisation de coopération de shanghai membres

[58], On 26 October 2005, during the Moscow Summit of the SCO, the Secretary General of the Organisation said that the SCO will prioritise joint energy projects; including in the oil and gas sector, the exploration of new hydrocarbon reserves, and joint use of water resources. [48] The 36th meeting of the Council of the RATS decided to hold a joint anti-terror exercise, Pabbi-Antiterror-2021, in Pakistan in 2021. In July 2015 in Ufa, Russia, the SCO decided to admit India and Pakistan as full members. Il compte maintenant quatre membres (Russie, Chine, Inde et Pakistan) qui possèdent des armes nucléaires. Les membres de l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai regroupent 20 % des ressources mondiales de pétrole, 38 % de gaz naturel, 40 % de charbon et 50 % de l’uranium La superficie : 30 millions de kilomètres carrés (3/5 de l’Eurasie) [71], According to the Charter of the SCO, summits of the Council of Heads of State shall be held annually at alternating venues. Alors que l'Inde développe le port de Chabahar en Iran dans l'espoir de lui accorder l'accès terrestre à l'Afghanistan et l'Eurasie en contournant le Pakistan, Islamabad repose ses espoirs sur le Corridor économique Chine-Pakistan (CPEC) - un gigantesque milliard de dollars chinois planifier le développement de l'infrastructure pakistanaise et élargir les liens économiques. The SCO has served as a platform for larger military announcements by members. C'est la version chinoise de l'OTAN, l'Organisation du Traité de l'Atlantique Nord. Lance une entreprise de réparation d'ordinateurs pour vous? It is located in Beijing. [16] Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has stated that he has discussed the possibility of abandoning Turkey's candidacy of accession to the European Union in return for full membership in the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. En juin 2017, le prochain sommet de l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai, OCS, sera notamment marqué par deux faits : la présence de l’Inde et du Pakistan en tant que membres de plein exercice et l’examen des propositions chinoises destinées à structurer et stimuler la coopération économique entre pays membres. Interests, "Power Politics in Central Asia: The Future of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "The Sino-Russian 'Shanghai Cooperation Organization, "'Shanghai Five' expands to combat Islamic radicals", "Central Asia: Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Makes Military Debut", "The Russia-China Friendship and Cooperation Treaty: A Strategic Shift in Eurasia? The current Council of Heads of State consists of: The Council of Heads of Government is the second-highest council in the organisation. [19] Several states additionally participate as observers, some of whom have expressed interest in becoming full members in the future. Istanbul: IQ Publishing House. C’est en 2001 que l’Organisation pour la Coopération de Shanghai (OCS) voit officiellement le jour en devenant formalisée par un traité regroupant ses six … The locations of these summits follow the alphabetical order of the member state's name in Russian. [3], On 24 April 1997, the same countries signed the Treaty on Reduction of Military Forces in Border Regions in a meeting in Moscow, Russia. The Council of Foreign Ministers is supposed to hold a summit one month before the annual summit of Heads of State. Le 10 juillet 2015, l'OCS a décidé d'admettre l'Inde et le Pakistan en tant que membres à part entière. In June 2010, the SCO approved a procedure of admitting new members. 12:23 18 Septembre 2014 [87], At a 2005 summit in Kazakhstan the SCO issued a Declaration of Heads of Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation which addressed their "concerns" and contained an elaboration of the organisation's principles. The world is seeing the emergence of a qualitatively different geo-political situation, with the emergence of new centers of economic growth and political influence. Following the war games' successful completion, Russian officials began speaking of India joining such exercises in the future and the SCO taking on a military role. Ce sont le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizistan, le Tadjikistan et l'Ouzbékistan. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Iran: A Power-full Union. Ressources énergétiques. 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This council meets at the SCO summits, which are held each year in one of the member states' capital cities. [63], At the 2007 SCO summit Iranian Vice President Parviz Davoodi addressed an initiative that had been garnering greater interest and assuming a heightened sense of urgency when he said, "The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is a good venue for designing a new banking system which is independent from international banking systems".[64]. The Heads of State Council (HSC) is the supreme decision-making body in the SCO, it meets once a year and adopts decisions and guidelines on all important matters of the organisation. The first of these was held in 2003, with the first phase taking place in Kazakhstan and the second in China. Pakistan, India and Iran received observer status at the 2005 SCO summit in Astana, Kazakhstan on 5 July 2005. [citation needed] However, because it was under sanctions levied by the United Nations at the time, it was blocked from admission as a new member. (Source: «Résultats du Sommet de l'OCS», Pakistan Observer, 22 juin 2015.). However evidence is growing that its activities in the area of social development of its member states is increasing fast. It serves to implement organisational decisions and decrees, drafts proposed documents (such as declarations and agendas), function as a document depository for the organisation, arranges specific activities within the SCO framework, and promotes and disseminates information about the SCO. [17], Iran has observer status in the organisation, and applied for full membership on 24 March 2008. C'est parce qu'il fournit un soutien financier au terrorisme. In 2001, the annual summit returned to Shanghai. At the same meeting the Premier of China, Wen Jiabao, proposed a long-term objective to establish a free trade area in the SCO, while other more immediate measures would be taken to improve the flow of goods in the region. [5], Subsequent annual summits of the Shanghai Five group occurred in Almaty, Kazakhstan in 1998, in Bishkek, Kyrgyzstan in 1999, and in Dushanbe, Tajikistan in 2000. Each member state also sends a permanent representative to RATS.[14]. Russian strategic bombers, he said, would resume regular long-range patrols for the first time since the Cold War. C'est une autre façon que la Chine construit une base économique stable qui fera progresser sa croissance continue. of Uzbekistan, appointed to the office of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Secretary-General in January 2019. On 21 April 2006, the SCO announced plans to fight cross-border drug crimes under the counter-terrorism rubric. This council also holds annual summits, at which time members discuss issues of multilateral cooperation. [81], At the Astana summit in July 2005, with the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq foreshadowing an indefinite presence of U.S. forces in Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan, the SCO requested the U.S. to set a clear timetable for withdrawing its troops from SCO member states. La Turquie a déposé une demande d’adhésion à l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai (OCS), au moment où les Etats-Unis mènent des consultations informelles sur les formes de coopération avec l’OCS, a annoncé vendredi le journal russe Kommersant se référant à des sources diplomatiques dans les pays membres. [30] Egypt[31] and Syria have also submitted applications for observer status,[32] while Israel,[33][34] Maldives, Ukraine,[citation needed] Iraq,[35] and Saudi Arabia have applied for dialogue partner status. Les membres de l'OCS sont la Chine, la Russie et les pays situés le long de leurs frontières. Ses membres partagent des renseignements et combinent des opérations militaires pour contrer le … Il s'agit d'un document de charte énonçant les objectifs et principes de l'organisation, sa structure et ses principales activités. [40][41], Turkmenistan has previously declared itself a permanently neutral country, which was recognised by a resolution adopted by the United Nations General Assembly, thus precluding its membership in a military alliance like the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. Elle se compose actuellement de huit États membres (Chine, Fédération de Russie, Inde, Kazakhstan, Kirghizistan, Ouzbékistan, Pakistan et Tadjikistan), de quatre États observateurs souhaitant devenir membres à part entière (Afghanistan, Bélarus, Iran et [69][70], An SCO Arts Festival and Exhibition was held for the first time during the Astana Summit in 2005. Matthew Brummer, in the Journal of International Affairs, tracks the implications of SCO expansion into the Persian Gulf. [65], On 16 June 2009, at the Yekaterinburg Summit, China announced plans to provide a US$10 billion loan to other SCO member states to shore up the struggling economies of its members amid the global financial crisis. La Chine et la Russie veulent s'assurer que ces pays se tiennent à l'écart du commerce accru de la drogue, des gouvernements corrompus et du terrorisme. Il fut signé par la Chine, le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizistan, la Russie et le Tadjikistan. Ils ne font que construire des économies de marché. Au cours des années 90, grâce aux activités du «Groupe de Shanghai» – devenu «Organisation de coopération de Shanghai» (OCS) en 2001 –, la Chine a normalisé ses relations avec ses nouveaux voisins centreasiatiques avant d’accroître progressivement son influence dans cette région. ], At SCO summit, held in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 16–17 June 2004, the Regional Anti-Terrorist Structure (RATS) was established. Il favorise les accords commerciaux, a finalement créé une zone de libre-échange SCO. [86], Iranian writer Hamid Golpira had this to say on the topic: "According to Zbigniew Brzezinski's theory, control of the Eurasian landmass is the key to global domination and control of Central Asia is the key to control of the Eurasian landmass....Russia and China have been paying attention to Brzezinski's theory, since they formed the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation in 2001, ostensibly to curb extremism in the region and enhance border security, but most probably with the real objective of counterbalancing the activities of the United States and the rest of the NATO alliance in Central Asia". John Keefer Douglas, Matthew B. Nelson, and Kevin Schwartz; Adıbelli, Barış (2006). [11] In 2017, SCO's eight full members account for approximately half of the world's population, a quarter of the world's GDP, and about 80% of Eurasia's landmass. & Industry for National Defense, CPC Central Commission for Discipline Inspection, Central Leading Group for Inspection Work, Commission for Discipline Inspection of the Central Military Commission, Independent Commission Against Corruption (Hong Kong), Judicial Administrative Organs People's Police, Office for Safeguarding National Security of the CPG in the HKSAR, Central Leading Group for Propaganda and Ideology, Central Guidance Commission on Building Spiritual Civilization, Central Publicity (Propaganda) Department, National Press and Publication Administration, National Radio and Television Administration, Central Leading Group on Hong Kong and Macau Affairs, Association for Relations Across the Taiwan Straits, International Development Cooperation Agency, International Military Cooperation Office, State Administration of Foreign Experts Affairs, Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia, United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation, South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, "Turkey could join bloc with Russia and China instead of EU, President Erdogan says", "Exploring Politics And Religion In 'Three Daughters of Eve, "Is the SCO Emerging as Eastern Counterweight to NATO? Russia, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are also members of the Eurasian Economic Union. The SCO has established relations with the United Nations in 2004 (where it is an observer in the General Assembly), Commonwealth of Independent States in 2005, Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 2005, the Collective Security Treaty Organization in 2007, the Economic Cooperation Organization in 2007, the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime in 2011, the Conference on Interaction and Confidence-Building Measures in Asia (CICA) in 2014, and the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific in 2015,[9] African Union in 2018. The implications of Iran joining the organisation has been given much thought academically. L’O.C.S (Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai) a succédé au « Groupe (informel) de Shanghai », qui de 1996 à 2001 réunissait les chefs d’États d’Asie centrale, de la Russie et de la Chine, pour répondre aux bouleversements déstabilisateurs (notamment frontaliers) consécutifs à la disparition de … 2007. "Greater Eurasia Project". L’Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai est une organisation internationale dont les États membres sont la Chine, le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizstan, la Russie, le Tadjikistan et l’Ouzbékistan. Ils ont fait une déclaration officielle selon laquelle l'Organisation des Nations Unies, étant l'organisation internationale faisant le plus autorité, est chargée de la responsabilité principale dans les affaires internationales et le droit. The Secretariat of the SCO is the primary executive body of the organisation. 2015: L'OCS a accepté les demandes d'adhésion de l'Inde et du Pakistan. More than 4,000 soldiers participated at the joint military exercises in 2007 (known as "Peace Mission 2007") which took place in Chelyabinsk Russia near the Ural Mountains, as was agreed upon in April 2006 at a meeting of SCO Defence Ministers. Both signed the memorandum of obligations in June 2016 in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, thereby starting the formal process of joining the SCO as full members. At the Dushanbe summit, members agreed to "oppose intervention in other countries' internal affairs on the pretexts of 'humanitarianism' and 'protecting human rights;' and support the efforts of one another in safeguarding the five countries' national independence, sovereignty, territorial integrity, and social stability."[6]. 2000, il a été décidé de convertir « Shanghai 5 » en une structure régionale de coopération multilatérale ayant compétence dans plusieurs domaines. On 4 June 2014, in the Tajik capital Dushanbe, the idea was brought up to merge the SCO with the Collective Security Treaty Organization. Ils peuvent être des observateurs, des partenaires de dialogue ou des invités. Other SCO members, however, have not committed themselves to the idea. En 2001, l'OCS a été formellement instaurée comme organisation internationale. [26] Two days later, on 23 November 2016, Turkey was granted the chairmanship of the energy club of SCO for the 2017 period. L'Organisation de coopération de Shanghai a été fondée le 15 juin 2001 à Shanghai par les leaders de la Chine, de la Russie, du Kazakhstan, du Kirghizstan, du Tadjikistan et de l'Ouzbékistan. ", "Armenia seeking observer status at Shanghai organization", "Azerbaijan asks to join a new alliance of China and Russia", "Syria, Egypt may join Shanghai Cooperation Organization as observers", "Syria applies for observer status at Shanghai security bloc – Russian Foreign Ministry", "Syria, Israel, Egypt willing to join SCO's activity - president's special envoy", "Syria, Egypt, Israel Apply to Join the SCO", "Iraqi Ambassador to Beijing meets secretary-General of the Shanghai cooperation organization", "Egypt applies to become dialogue partner of Shanghai security bloc – Kremlin aide", "Azerbaijan intends to become SCO observer", "Катар, Бахрейн и Израиль просят о приеме в ШОС", "SCO receives membership requests from Qatar, Bahrain", "SCO Summit 2018: Why Turkmenistan is not part of the Eurasia security bloc", "The Shanghai Co-operation Organisation and US Supremacy", "SCO to intensify fight against cross-border drug crimes", "Security alliances led by Russia, China link up", "Seeing The Internet As An 'Information Weapon, "India, Pakistan, China to participate in SCO joint anti-terrorism exercise", "SCO military drill seeks trust, stability", "China, Russia, Others to Hold Joint Drills", "LEAD: Central Asian powers agree to pursue free-trade zone", "Joint Communique of the Council of the Governmental Heads (Prime Ministers) of Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Member States", "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Eyes Economic, Security Cooperation", "SCO Ministers of Foreign Economic Activity and Trade to meet in Tashkent", "Russia's Foreign Ministry develops concept of SCO Energy Club", "Russia Urges Formation of Central Asian Energy Club", "Chronicle of Main Events of "Shanghai Five" and Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "China to provide 10-billion-dollar loan to SCO members", "China, Russia sign five-point joint statement", "Shanghai Cooperation Organization summit kicks off in Bishkek", "Culture Ministers of SCO Member States Meet in Beijing", "SCO Culture Ministers to Meet in Tashkent", "Kazakhstan Backs Promotion of SCO Cultural Ties", "Charter of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "Joint Communiqué of Meeting of the Council of the Heads of the Member States of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation", "SCO vows to strengthen cooperation with its observers, dialogue partners", "Uzbekistan to host 16th SCO summit in 2016", "Kyrgyzstan to host SCO summit in June 2019", "Заседание Совета глав государств – членов ШОС", "Shanghai Cooperation Organization Summit Concludes in Beijing", "Wen arrives in Tajikistan for SCO meeting", "SCO Meeting Expected to Boost Cooperation Among Members", "Shanghai surprise: The summit of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation reveals how power is shifting in the world", "Central Asia: China and Russia up the ante", "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Summiteers Take Shots at US Presence in Central Asia", "Opinion: SCO sends strong signals for West to leave Central Asia", Presses Universitaires de Liège - La coopération de Shanghai, L'Organisation de Coopération de Shanghai et la construction de "la nouvelle Asie", Concurrences Interrégionales Europe-Asie au 21ème siècle, "Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and Prospects of Development in Eurasia Region", "China's Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Strategy", "Beyond the Battle of Talas: China's Re-emergence in Central Asia", Matthew, China's New Journey to the West: Report on China's Emergence in Central Asia and Implications for U.S. (Source: "Qu'est-ce que l'OCS?" La Mongolie, l'Iran, l'Inde et le Pakistan sont des pays observateurs auprès de l'OCS. Cela les rend particulièrement attrayants pour l'Inde et le Pakistan, qui manquent d'énergie. Leurs membres comprennent l'ANASE, la CEI et le Turkménistan. Les pays d'Asie centrale sont riches en hydrocarbures. During the 2007 war games in Russia, with leaders of SCO member states in attendance including Chinese President Hu Jintao, Russia's President Vladimir Putin used the occasion to take advantage of a captive audience. Influence in Asia? En juin 2002, la Charte de l'Organisation de coopération de Shanghai a été signée au sommet de l'organisation à Saint-Pétersbourg, qui est entré en vigueur le 19 septembre 2003. À l'origine de cette réorientation, la « doctrine Primakov », du nom du ministre des Affaires étrangères russe de 1996 à 1998, consiste à conduire une diplomatie triangulaire en nouant des liens forts avec Pékinde manière à retrouver des marges de manœuvre dans les relations avec Washington et les Européens, dans une période d'unilatéralisme a… '"[91], People's Republic of ChinaXi JinpingPresident of China(CCP General Secretary as de facto leader)[92], Republic of IndiaNarendra ModiPrime Minister of India, Republic of KazakhstanKassym-Jomart TokayevPresident of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyz RepublicSadyr JaparovActing President of Kyrgyzstan, Islamic Republic of PakistanImran KhanPrime Minister of Pakistan, Russian FederationVladimir PutinPresident of Russia, Republic of TajikistanKokhir RasulzodaPrime Minister of Tajikistan, Republic of UzbekistanShavkat MirziyoyevPresident of Uzbekistan, International organization based in China, Heads of state of member states at the 2018 summit in, Heads of states and governments of the member states at the 2019 summit, Current leaders of SCO member states, as of 2021, Journal of International Affairs. The council also approves the organisation's budget. En lisant entre les lignes, ils sont assez unifiés contre l'intervention des États-Unis au Moyen-Orient. It is still being debated. Afghanistan received observer status at the 2012 SCO summit in Beijing, China on 6 June 2012. The Head of RATS is elected to a three-year term. [16], In 2008, Belarus applied for partner status in the organisation and was promised Kazakhstan's support towards that goal. The original five members, with the exclusion of Uzbekistan, were previo… Les participants invités participent aux sommets. Culture ministers of the SCO met for the first time in Beijing on 12 April 2002, signing a joint statement for continued cooperation. There the five member nations first admitted Uzbekistan in the Shanghai Five mechanism (thus transforming it into the Shanghai Six). Ikboljon QORABOYEV, Ouzbékistan/Turquie Département d’études régionales, Université Turgut Ozal, Ankara L’émergence de l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai s’est faite sur la base de l’expérience des négociations donc multilatérales entre la Chine et ses quatre voisins postsoviétiques dans le cadre du « Groupe des Cinq de Shanghai », son prédécesseur. [citation needed]. Extract. Importance de l'informatique dans une recherche d'emploi, Ingénieur matériel informatique - Information sur les carrières, Profil de carrière: Technicien en imagerie diagnostique de la Force aérienne, Profil de carrière: Spécialiste du personnel de la Force aérienne, Les spécialistes de la récupération de Pararescue de l'Air Force, Découvrez la carrière de spécialiste en chirurgie de l'armée de l'air, Technicien cryptologique - technicien (CTT), Examen d'entreprise de cSE Insurance Group, Examen de la compagnie d'assurance Protection des voyageurs cSA, Les ICO initiaux deviennent la nouvelle introduction en bourse, Marine Description du poste: Spécialiste culinaire (SC). "Our pilots have been grounded for too long. [89], The People's Daily expressed the matter in these terms: "The Declaration points out that the SCO member countries have the ability and responsibility to safeguard the security of the Central Asian region, and calls on Western countries to leave Central Asia. Organisation de coopération de Shanghai L'Organisation de coopération de Shanghai (OCS) est une organisation intergouvernementale régionale asiatique qui regroupe la Russie, la Chine, le Kazakhstan, le Kirghizistan, le Tadjikistan et l'Ouzbékistan. 2008 : L'OCS a annoncé qu'elle participerait à la normalisation du conflit en Afghanistan. Elle succède au Groupe de Shanghai qui avait été fondé en 1996 sur initiative de Pékin et de Moscou, afin de sécuriser […] Le dernier sommet du conseil des chefs d’État de l’Organisation de coopération de Shanghai à Bishkek a montré, encore une fois, la volonté et la réaffirmation de ses membres de faire partie d’un projet d’intégration régional ambitieux. [7], By 2007 the SCO had initiated over twenty large-scale projects related to transportation, energy and telecommunications and held regular meetings of security, military, defence, foreign affairs, economic, cultural, banking and other officials from its member states. 2010: L'Iran est le troisième fournisseur de pétrole de la Chine. [72], The United States applied for observer status in the SCO, but was rejected in 2005. We will witness and take part in the transformation of the global and regional security and development architectures adapted to new realities of the 21st century, when stability and prosperity are becoming inseparable notions. The Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO), or Shanghai Pact,[1] is a Eurasian political, economic, and security alliance, the creation of which was announced on 15 June 2001 in Shanghai, China by the leaders of China, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan, and Uzbekistan; the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation Charter, formally establishing the organisation, was signed in June 2002 and entered into force on 19 September 2003. [8] On 9 June 2017, at a summit in Astana, India and Pakistan officially joined SCO as full members. [46], The organisation is also redefining cyberwarfare, saying that the dissemination of information "harmful to the spiritual, moral and cultural spheres of other states" should be considered a "security threat". Ces pays, à l'exception de l'Ouzbékistan, étaient membres de la Shanghai Five , fondée en 1996; Après l'inclusion de l'Ouzbékistan en 2001, les membres ont renommé l'organisation. The current SCO Secretary-General is Vladimir Norov fb; tl; vb; 2018 / 06 / 06 Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation. D’une ambition raisonnée à un projet structurant : Le concept « d’impact » de l’OCS sur la construction régionale de l’Asie; Premiere partie : analyses essentielles et realistes des quinze pays « affilies » a L’OCS L'Organisation de coopération de Shanghai (OCS) est une alliance militaire d'Asie centrale qui lutte contre le terrorisme et le trafic de drogue tout en soutenant des accords de libre-échange. [85] Also, according to political scientist Thomas Ambrosio, one aim of SCO was to ensure that liberal democracy could not gain ground in these countries. [citation needed] However, Russian Defence Minister Sergei Ivanov voiced doubt on the probability of Belarus' membership, saying that Belarus was a purely European country. New Delhi et Islamabad poursuivent leurs projets d'infrastructures visant à renforcer leur connectivité dans la région. [66] The summit was held together with the first BRIC summit, and the China–Russia joint statement said that they want a bigger quota in the International Monetary Fund. Les membres ont signé des accords commerciaux d'une valeur de 2 milliards de dollars. The third meeting of the Culture Ministers took place in Tashkent, Uzbekistan, on 27–28 April 2006. Préface. En tant qu'alliance, ces pays voisins forment un bloc puissant fondé sur un avantage mutuel en matière de commerce et de sécurité. [51][52] There have been a number of SCO joint military exercises. UN General Assembly adopts resolution on cooperation between the UN and the SCO 2021 / 03 / 30 SCO Cup 2021 football tournament held to mark SCO’s 20th anniversary 2021 / 03 / 27 ATTENTION: Competition for writing the best scholarly article on SCO (Shanghai Cooperation Organisation) 2021 / … [42][43], The SCO is primarily centered on its member nations' Central Asian security-related concerns, often describing the main threats it confronts as being terrorism, separatism and extremism. L'Iran a parlé au Pakistan de la construction d'un gazoduc reliant le Pakistan à l'Inde. In July 2005, at the summit in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, with representatives of India, Iran, Mongolia and Pakistan attending an SCO summit for the first time, the president of the host country, Nursultan Nazarbayev, greeted the guests in words that had never been used before in any context: "The leaders of the states sitting at this negotiation table are representatives of half of humanity".
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