Mass arrests of Socialist-Revolutionaries followed. As a result, the Russian Provisional Government was established, and soviets, elected councils of workers, soldiers, and peasants, were organized throughout the country, leading to a situation of dual power. Although Russia experienced extremely rapid economic growth[90] in the 1930s, the combined effect of World War I and the Civil War left a lasting scar on Russian society and had permanent effects on the development of the Soviet Union. To meet this danger the Allies intervened with Great Britain and France sending troops into Russian ports. [13] The Bolsheviks overcame opposition of rural Russians to Red Army conscription units by taking hostages and shooting them when necessary in order to force compliance. The industrial production value descended to one-seventh of the value of 1913 and agriculture to one-third. In May 1918, the Czech Legion in Russia revolted in Siberia. Within a month the Czechoslovak Legion controlled most of the Trans-Siberian Railroad between Lake Baikal and the Ural regions. Read 3 reviews from the world's largest community for readers. Lenin personally apologized to the Germans for the assassination. Hence, many of these countries expressed their support for the Whites, including the provision of troops and supplies. Soviet demographer Boris Urlanis estimated the total number of men killed in action in the Civil War and Polish–Soviet War as 300,000 (125,000 in the Red Army, 175,500 White armies and Poles) and the total number of military personnel dead from disease (on both sides) as 450,000. La révolution russe d'octobre 1917 produit une guerre civile entre le gouvernement bolchevique - qui vient de prendre le pouvoir - et un certain nombre d'armées rebelles. During the summer Bolshevik power in Siberia was eliminated. "[citation needed] It is estimated that the total output of mines and factories in 1921 had fallen to 20% of the pre-World War level, and many crucial items experienced an even more drastic decline. The republic had collapsed after the Soviets were given all political power, leaving no solid resistance to the Reds. By 1921 cultivated land had shrunk to 62% of the pre-war area, and the harvest yield was only about 37% of normal. Du point de vue du droit de la guerre, on utilise l'expression « conflit armé non international », le mot « guerre » étant réservé au conflit armé international. Pour moi qui est de l’arthrose dans les doigts de main, ce n’est pas facile d’enfiler les housses surtout aux élastiques en bas sur l’appareil. М., Центрполиграф, 2005. At this point Yudenich, short of supplies, decided to call off the siege of the city and withdrew, repeatedly asking permission to withdraw his army across the border to Estonia. London: Ludgate Press Ltd., 1964. During this first period the Bolsheviks took control of Central Asia out of the hands of the Provisional Government and White Army, setting up a base for the Communist Party in the Steppe and Turkestan, where nearly two million Russian settlers were located.[27]. [74], In Siberia, Admiral Kolchak's army had disintegrated. Estonia cleared its territory of the Red Army by January 1919. [1]:29 The Soviets recaptured Rostov on the next day. Williams, Beryl, The Russian Revolution 1917–1921, Blackwell Publishing Ltd. (1987). By February 1919 the British government had pulled its military forces out of Central Asia. Following the Treaty of Tartu most of Yudenich's soldiers went into exile. [71], After Moscow's Bolshevik government signed a military and political alliance with Nestor Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists, the Black Army attacked and defeated several regiments of Wrangel's troops in southern Ukraine, forcing him to retreat before he could capture that year's grain harvest. War Communism saved the Soviet government during the Civil War, but much of the Russian economy had ground to a standstill. Pursued into the Crimea by Makhno's troops, Wrangel went over to the defensive in the Crimea. Alors que les dirigeants rouges – Lénine, Trotski, Dzerjinski, Staline – portent partout le fer et le feu de la révolution, les généraux blancs – Alekseiev, Kornilov, Denikine, Koltchak, Vranguel – découvrent les intransigeances d'une guerre civile à laquelle ils n'ont pas été préparés et qui les oblige, comme nombre d'intellectuels et d'hommes politiques, à accepter un bouleversement mental et moral. By this time Denikin's forces were dangerously overextended. Affiche de propagande blanche de la guerre civile russe. Western socialists had promptly arrived from France and from the UK to convince the Russians to continue the fight, but could not change the new pacifist mood of Russia. [46][47]The Cheka special investigations forces were also charged with the detection of sabotage and counter-revolutionary activity by Red Army soldiers and commanders. The second period of the war lasted from January to November 1919. In January 1918, after significant Bolshevik reverses in combat, the future People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Leon Trotsky headed the reorganization of the Red Guards into a Workers' and Peasants' Red Army in order to create a more effective fighting force. Vol I". [84] An estimated 100,000 Jews were killed in Ukraine, mostly by the White Army. L'armée rouge était composée de bolcheviks (communistes) ayant pour but de renverser complètement les tsars et le tsarisme. Their military forces, bolstered by forced conscriptions and terror[18] as well as foreign influence, under the leadership of General Nikolai Yudenich, Admiral Alexander Kolchak and General Anton Denikin, became known as the White movement (sometimes referred to as the "White Army") and controlled significant parts of the former Russian Empire for most of the war. Viktor G. Bortnevski, "White Administration and White Terror (the Denikin Period).". Subsequently, the Dashanaks, Right SRs and Mensheviks started negotiations with Gen. Dunsterville, the commander of the British troops in Persia. Revolt against the Bolsheviks continued, The Red Army peaked in October 1920 with 5,498,000: 2,587,000 in reserves, 391,000 in labor armies, 159,000 on the front and 1,780,000 drawing rations. In September–October, heavy fighting took place at Armavir and Stavropol. Ian C.D. [70] In March 1920 her remnants crossed the border into the Northwestern region of China. [29] In April 1917 the Provisional Government set up this committee, which was mostly made up of former Tsarist officials. enfin un document sur la guerre civile russe clair, honnête et totalement intéressant il y a déjà 2 autres ouvrages sur le sujet : la guerre civile russe de Jean-Jacques Marie et les blancs et les rouges de Dominique Venner ainsi que "les armées blanches" de Grey et Bourdier, et d'autres mais on sentait l'esprit partisan anti-bolcheviks, comme ceux traitant de Makhno dans un autre style. After the revolution the Bolsheviks swept through Russia nearly unopposed. Je recommande. [73], After the defeat of Wrangel, the Red Army immediately repudiated its 1920 treaty of alliance with Nestor Makhno and attacked the anarchist Black Army; the campaign to liquidate Makhno and the Ukrainian anarchists began with an attempted assassination of Makhno by Cheka agents. You're listening to a sample of the Audible audio edition. Comment la dernière chance de renverser les bolcheviks en Russie a été ratée. It can also be roughly split into the following periods. Il est l'auteur de plusieurs ouvrages, dont Les Russes blancs et, dernièrement, Le Roman des Russes à Paris. [68], Communication difficulties with Red Army forces in Siberia and European Russia ceased to be a problem by mid-November 1919. After the treaty, it looked like much of that material would fall into the hands of the Germans. 1917. Only a few hundred of them reached Persia in June 1920. [72], Stymied in his efforts to consolidate his hold, Wrangel then attacked north in an attempt to take advantage of recent Red Army defeats at the close of the Polish–Soviet War of 1919–1920. Sous sa plume se lisent l'immensité et la diversité d'un champ de bataille où se déroule une guerre de mouvements, où s'impose un système terroriste, où s'affrontent des hommes que tout semble opposer. This time Red forces had no escape, and by the beginning of 1919 the whole Northern Caucasus was controlled by the Volunteer Army. On 18 November a coup d'état established Kolchak as dictator. British historian Orlando Figes has contended that the root of the Whites' defeat was their inability to dispel the popular image that they were not only associated with Tsarist Russia but supportive of a Tsarist restoration, as well. He was able to restore order to the dispirited troops and reshape an army that could fight as a regular force again. In December 1917 Alekseev was joined by General Lavr Kornilov, Denikin and other Tsarist officers who had escaped from the jail, where they had been imprisoned following the abortive Kornilov affair just before the Revolution. "The Disintegration of the Russian Army in 1917: Factors and Actors in the Process. Nous utilisons des cookies et des outils similaires pour faciliter vos achats, fournir nos services, pour comprendre comment les clients utilisent nos services afin de pouvoir apporter des améliorations, et pour présenter des annonces. The Baku Soviet Commune was established on 13 April. The remoteness of the Volga Region, the Ural Region, Siberia and the Far East was favorable for the anti-Bolshevik forces, and the Whites set up a number of organizations in the cities of these regions. Les éditions Tallandier proposent la réédition en 2015 de l’ouvrage de Jean-Jacques Marie sur la guerre civile russe consécutive à la révolution de 1917, publié en 2005 aux éditions Autrement. There were an additional 6,242,926 hospitalizations due to sickness. Following the abortive offensive at Chelyabinsk, the White armies withdrew beyond the Tobol. The exchange rate with the US dollar declined from two rubles in 1914 to 1,200 in 1920. Winston Churchill declared that Bolshevism must be "strangled in its cradle". In view of this, on 18 February 1918 the Germans began Operation Faustschlag on the Eastern Front, encountering virtually no resistance in a campaign that lasted 11 days. General Denikin's military strength continued to grow in the spring of 1919. [83], Some 300,000–500,000 Cossacks were killed or deported during Decossackization, out of a population of around three million. Fierce fighting took place at the key rail junction of Kastornoye, which was taken on 15 November; Kursk was retaken two days later.[65]. Due to Red Army successes north of Central Asia, communication with Moscow was re-established and the Bolsheviks were able to claim victory over the White Army in Turkestan.[67]. Ufa was retaken on 13 March; by mid-April, the White Army stopped at the Glazov–Chistopol–Bugulma–Buguruslan–Sharlyk line. The White Movement also suffered greater loss as the Allies pulled back from North and South Russia. Moffat, "The Allies Act—Murmansk and Archangel." 16 mai 2017 - Découvrez le tableau "Guerre civile russe" de Laurent Blondy sur Pinterest. When Kolchak's army in the east began to retreat in June and July, the bulk of the Red Army, free from any serious danger from Siberia, was directed against Denikin. Former Imperial Russian and then Finnish Gen. Mannerheim planned an intervention to help the Whites in Russia capture Petrograd. ", This page was last edited on 12 April 2021, at 14:02. Yudenich also had six British tanks, which caused panic whenever they appeared. Wrangel's fleet evacuated him and his army to Constantinople on 14 November 1920, ending the struggle of Reds and Whites in Southern Russia. Je recommande vivement à qui veut avoir des connaissances solides sur un phénomène aussi complexe que méconnu du grand public, UNE HISTOIRE DÉFORMEE PAR L’HISTORIOGRAPHIE SOVIÉTIQUE, La guerre civile est bien le fait de Lénine ! The high tide of the White movement against the Soviets had been reached in September 1919. The Baku Soviet Commune ended its existence and was replaced by the Central Caspian Dictatorship. The Communist Party did not completely dismantle this group until 1934.[75]. The Bolshevik Party continued to try to gain support among the native population by giving them the impression of better representation for the Central Asian population and throughout the end of the year were able to maintain harmony with the Central Asian people. French forces landed in Odessa but, after having done almost no fighting, withdrew on 8 April 1919. On 14 November 1919 the Red Army captured Omsk. However, because the Committee lacked representation of the native population and poor Russian settlers, they had to release the Bolshevik prisoners almost immediately due to public outcry, and a successful takeover of this government body took place two months later in November. Trotsky extended the use of the death penalty to the occasional political commissar whose detachment retreated or broke in the face of the enemy. La guerre civile russe, entre 1918 et 1920, opposa le nouveau gouvernement révolutionnaire rouge principalement aux blancs. [59] Adm. Kolchak lost control of his government shortly after this defeat; White Army forces in Siberia essentially ceased to exist by December. Kursk and Orel were taken, on 20 September and 14 October, respectively. A Ukrainian nationalist movement was active in Ukraine during the war. Please try again. Pour finir pour l’instant j’en suis satisfaite. Help others learn more about this product by uploading a video! The towns are full of refuse. de nombreux livres ont été publiés à l'occasion de la Grande Révolution de 1917 : "La Guerre Civile Russe" est un excellent ouvrage qui traite d'une époque peu décrite dans son ensemble et analysée de manière subjective par les contemporains ou par les historiens soviétiques. The Whites fell back eastwards to Ufa and Orenburg. De la révolution d'octobre 1917 à 1922, la guerre civile russe fait des ravages : millions de morts, épidémies, famine, terreur et déportation. Following the disastrous Novorossiysk evacuation, Denikin stepped down and the military council elected Wrangel as the new Commander-in-Chief of the White Army. However, on 14 October the Reds counterattacked, and thus began the uninterrupted retreat of the Whites to the east. *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. However, units retreating across the border were disarmed and interned by order of the Estonian government, which had entered into peace negotiations with the Soviet Government on 16 September and had been informed by the Soviet authorities of their 6 November decision that, should the White Army be allowed to retreat into Estonia, it would be pursued across the border by the Reds. [64] The Cossack Don Army under the command of Gen. Vladimir Sidorin continued north towards Voronezh, but there Semyon Budyonny's cavalrymen defeated them on 24 October. However, he did not gain the necessary support for the endeavour. By mid-June the Reds were chased from the Crimea and the Odessa area. 1La guerre civile a ravagé la Russie soviétique dès le 26 octobre 1917 et ses ultimes convulsions ont secoué la Sibérie extrême-orientale jusquà lété 1922. While resistance to the Red Guards began on the very day after the Bolshevik uprising, the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk and the instinct of one-party rule became a catalyst[17] for the formation of anti-Bolshevik groups both inside and outside Russia, pushing them into action against the new Soviet government. Another one to two million people, known as the White émigrés, fled Russia, many with General Wrangel—some through the Far East, others west into the newly independent Baltic countries. Soviet forces advanced east, despite encountering resistance in Chita, Yakut and Mongolia. Under Soviet pressure, the Volunteer Army embarked on the epic Ice March from Yekaterinodar to Kuban on 22 February 1918, where they joined with the Kuban Cossacks to mount an abortive assault on Yekaterinodar. Kaledin of the Don Cossacks and General Grigory Semenov of the Siberian Cossacks were prominent among them. L'Ukraine en flammes 29 - III. Simultaneously Russian officers' organisations overthrew the Bolsheviks in Petropavlovsk (in present-day Kazakhstan) and in Omsk. [66] Despite this success for the Red Army, the White Army's assaults in European Russia and other areas broke communication between Moscow and Tashkent. Le livre d'Alexandre Jevakhoff est construit avec beaucoup de méthode sur une énorme masse d'information . In the European part of Russia the war was fought across three main fronts: the eastern, the southern and the northwestern. The revolt of the Czechoslovak Legion broke out in May 1918, and the legionaries took control of Chelyabinsk in June. The Red Army recaptured Kiev on 17 December and the defeated Cossacks fled back towards the Black Sea. Face aux bolcheviks et aux monarchistes, une troisième force, issue du monde rural, émerge. [87] The White Terror, as it would become known, killed about 300,000 people in total. 7,000,000–12,000,000 total casualties, includingcivilians and non-combatants. [39] Signing a formal peace treaty was the only option in the eyes of the Bolsheviks because the Russian Army was demobilized, and the newly formed Red Guard was incapable of stopping the advance. Amazon.fr: guerre civile russe. [pic]Ecouter : comprendre l’information dans un document enregistré ou un document radiodiffusé. [31] The Leagues of Mohammedam Working People, which Russian settlers and natives who had been sent to work behind the lines for the Tsarist government in 1916 formed in March 1917, had led numerous strikes in the industrial centers throughout September 1917. After viewing product detail pages, look here to find an easy way to navigate back to pages you are interested in. Guerre civile russe L’effondrement soviétique est le plus grand miracle géopolitique du XXème siècle. [69] The Orenburg Independent Army was formed from Orenburg Cossacks and others troops which rebelled against the Bolsheviks. La révolution de Février, puis le coup d'Etat bolchevique en octobre plongent l'ancien empire des tsars dans une tragique guerre civile. [38], On 16 December 1917 an armistice was signed between Russia and the Central Powers in Brest-Litovsk and peace talks began. "The Tanks: The History Of The Royal Tank Regiment And Its Predecessors, Heavy Branch Machine-Gun Corps, Tank Corps And Royal Tank Corps, 1914–1945. They were worried about a possible Russo-German alliance, the prospect of the Bolsheviks making good on their threats to default on Imperial Russia's massive foreign loans and the possibility that Communist revolutionary ideas would spread (a concern shared by many Central Powers). [19] The British and French had supported Russia during World War I on a massive scale with war materials. In the Ural-Guryev operation of 1919–1920, the Red Turkestan Front defeated the Ural Army. Slipshod evacuation of Novorossiysk proved to be a dark event for the White Army. In January 1918 the Bolsheviks dissolved the Russian Constituent Assembly and proclaimed the Soviets (workers' councils) as the new government of Russia. The “Russian” Civil Wars (1916-1926): Ten Years that Shook the World, New York, Oxford University Press, 2015. Disease had reached pandemic proportions, with 3,000,000 dying of typhus in 1920 alone. The houses are crumbling. Volunteers of this small army were mostly officers of the old Russian army, military cadets and students. Le caractère international de la guerre civile ne se limite pas au camp de la contre-révolution. There was an error retrieving your Wish Lists. In the October Revolution the Bolshevik Party directed the Red Guard (armed groups of workers and Imperial army deserters) to seize control of Petrograd (Saint Petersburg) and immediately began the armed takeover of cities and villages throughout the former Russian Empire. enfin un document sur la guerre civile russe clair, honnête et totalement intéressant il y a déjà 2 autres ouvrages sur le sujet : la guerre civile russe de Jean-Jacques Marie et les blancs et les rouges de Dominique Venner ainsi que "les armées blanches" de Grey et Bourdier, et d'autres mais on sentait l'esprit partisan anti-bolcheviks, comme ceux traitant de Makhno dans un autre style. [51] Despite setbacks due to British invasions during 1918, the Bolsheviks continued to make progress in bringing the Central Asian population under their influence. Guerre Civile Russe book. Plutôt habitué des biographies des grands hommes soviétiques (Lenin, Stalin, Trockij, Berija), l’auteur propose ici une grande fresque introductive à ce nouveau Temps des troubles. Some members of the Bolshevik central committee in Moscow were willing to give up Petrograd, but Trotsky refused to accept the loss of the city and personally organized its defenses. Grazhdanskaya voyna v Rossii) was a multi-party civil war in the former Russian Empire immediately after the two Russian revolutions of 1917, as many factions vied to determine Russia's political future. The two largest combatant groups were the Red Army, fighting for the Bolshevik form of socialism led by Vladimir Lenin, and the loosely allied forces known as the White Army, which included diverse interests favouring political monarchism, capitalism and social democracy, each with democratic and anti-democratic variants. Following the defeat of Germany in World War I in November 1918, these states were abolished. Please try again. [30] The Bolsheviks attempted to take control of the Committee in Tashkent on 12 September 1917 but it was unsuccessful, and many leaders were arrested. The White front had no depth or stability—it had become a series of patrols with occasional columns of slowly advancing troops without reserves. A loose confederation of anti-Bolshevik forces aligned against the Communist government, including landowners, republicans, conservatives, middle-class citizens, reactionaries, pro-monarchists, liberals, army generals, non-Bolshevik socialists who still had grievances and democratic reformists voluntarily united only in their opposition to Bolshevik rule. After a series of engagements, assisted by a Black Army offensive against White supply lines, the Red Army defeated Denikin's and Yudenich's armies in October and November. Comme je ne connaissais pas le sujet je me suis obstiné. The Allies gave large quantities of aid to Yudenich, who, however, complained that he was receiving insufficient support. The third period of the war was the extended siege of the last White forces in the Crimea. The armies under Kolchak were eventually forced on a mass retreat east. Le livre-référent sur la guerre civile russe (1917-1922)Après la révolution de Février et le coup d'État bolchevique d'octobre 1917, l'ancien Empire russe continue à se déchirer. In Omsk the Russian Provisional Government quickly came under the influence – then the dominance – of its new War Minister, Rear-Admiral Kolchak. By 1919 they had begun to run short of supplies. [1]:286 Some sources claimed at least 250,000 summary executions of "enemies of the people" with estimates reaching above a million. The Black Army, which counted numerous Jews and Ukrainian peasants in its ranks, played a key part in halting Denikin's White Army offensive towards Moscow during 1919, later ejecting White forces from Crimea. [45] In May 1918, with the support of the Czechoslovak Legion, they took Samara and Saratov, establishing the Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly—known as the "Komuch". Then you can start reading Kindle books on your smartphone, tablet, or computer - no Kindle device required. By mid-December 1918 White armies had to leave Ufa, but they balanced this failure with a successful drive towards Perm, which they took on 24 December. The Bolsheviks and their Left SR allies were opposed to it, but on 25 July the majority of the Soviet voted to call in the British and the Bolsheviks resigned. Russia was proclaimed a republic in September of the same year. [20], The German Empire created several short-lived satellite buffer states within its sphere of influence after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: the United Baltic Duchy, Duchy of Courland and Semigallia, Kingdom of Lithuania, Kingdom of Poland,[21] the Belarusian People's Republic, and the Ukrainian State. Russian and Allied ships evacuated about 40,000 of Denikin's men from Novorossiysk to the Crimea, without horses or any heavy equipment, while about 20,000 men were left behind and either dispersed or captured by the Red Army.
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